From: =?windows-1251?B?0e718ODt5e3uIEludGVybmV0IEV4cGxvcmVyIDEx?= Subject: Designing Instant Help for Windows Date: Mon, 29 Feb 2016 17:34:22 +0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1251" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: file://\\winserver\krsc\BEARHLP\BEARHLP.htm X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.1.7601.17609
Bear mapping =
program
by V. E. Asming
Introduction
=20
The = BEAR mapping=20 program is designed for presentation of some earth-distributed functions = (primarily for electrical = conductivity).
Such = functions are=20 prepared as
a) = Sets of lines=20 with assigned values of the functions. These lines can be of several = different=20 kinds : isolines, 2-side isolines, profiles, 2-side profiles and borders =
b) = Sets of points=20 with assigned coordinates and values;
c) = Rectangular=20 grids with given values in nodes (such grids can be prepared by external = programs or calculated by lines and point sets);
(See = more details=20 in Projects).
=20 In addition, the program can plot illustrative data such as = geographic=20 contours, texts, markers, scale lines, bitmaps (image files with parts = of maps),=20 rectangular grids with values.
=20 The program uses equidistant projection or globe projection. An = arbitrary=20 scaling and the globe rotations are possible.
=20 All data, including illustrative ones (geographic contours, = texts,=20 markers) and data characterizing some function distribution are = incapsulated in=20 Projects = which can be=20 loaded and edited.
=20 The function values can be interpolated and saved in a form of = profiles=20 or data grids. (See Computations).
=20 A new geographic contour can be plotted right on a map during = work=20 session. This contour can be used as a profile, geographic contour or = isoline.=20 This feature together with PCX files=20 wrapper tool enables to vectorize some lines using this=20 program.
=20 The standalone program DpWin.EXE may be used for digitizing = geographic=20 contours, data lines and points and load them to the BEAR mapping = program.=20
What is new
Version=20
3.60
n =20 Textured conturs (filled by = an=20 arbitrary bitmap, see Textures);
n =20 BMP files in PCX files wrapper;
n =20 Profiling under calculated = grids (see=20 Grids);
n =20 Saving data sets (sets of = isolines,=20 profiles, borders, point sets) to .SET files to conjunct with different=20 projects;
n =20 Plotting of calculated grids = with=20 shadows (see Grids);
n =20 3D plotting of calculated = grids (see=20 Grids);
n =20 Recovering of isolines by = calculated=20 grids;
Version=20
3.75
=B7 =20 Search of data points inside = a=20 frame;
=B7 =20 Startup menu;
=B7 =20 Possibility to measure = azimuths,=20 distances along Earth surface and directly;
=B7 =20 Zooming inside a = frame;
=B7 =20 Scale-dependent show of = project=92s=20 primitives;
=B7 =20 Possible to use .GEO -files = consisting=20 of closed conturs;
=B7 =20 Curved text lines are = possible (plot a=20 contur less than 10 points and use Add text);
=B7 =20 Remarks for each point of a = point=20 set;
Author and = copyright
The = program was=20 designed by Vladimir E.=20 Asming, =20 Kola Regional Seismological Centre, Russia.
home=20 page:
http://www.krsc.ru
e-mail:
asming@krsc.ru
The = program is=20 free for BEAR project participants. It is password-protected mostly for = some=20 feedback between the author and users. Feel free to ask for the password = by the=20 e-mail addresses given above. There are two options in Main menu which are = password-protected : Save and Export. All others are = working without=20 password.
All = data projects=20 are owned by BEAR projects participants.
Projects
Projects are=20 collections of all the data inputted to the program during a working = session.=20 The lists of data can be = saved on a=20 disk and loaded for future using.
All = data can be=20 separated onto two kinds :
1. =
Illustrative data=20
which is used for plotting on maps only :
- = geographic=20 contours (lines) of different styles, filled and unfilled;
-=20 bitmaps;
- = points with=20 markers,
- = text=20 lines;
- = rectangular=20 grids with known values of function (results of computations by data = sets, can=20 be plotted as isolines and semi-transparent fields);
- = textures to fill=20 conturs;
=20
=20
2. Data used for =
calculation=20
of representing function:
- = lines with known=20 data values (see Kinds = of data=20 lines);
- = sets of points=20 with known coordinates and values;
Markers and texts=20 can be inputted and corrected using Main window. All other data items = are inputed=20 using Menu of=20 projects.
=20
See also :=20
Data formats
=20 Kinds of data=20 lines
=20
Menu of=20
projects
Kinds of data = lines
There are 5 kinds=20 of data lines implemented in the program. All of them are lines (sets of = points=20 in geographic coordinates) with some attached values. All the lines can = be=20 closed or unclosed. This is defined automatically during addition data = to a=20 project. If first and last points of a line are close to each other the = line is=20 assumed to be closed.
Each = data line can=20 be attached by a depth range for which the line is valid. This enables = to make=20 maps containing several depth layers.
1. Ordinary=20
isolines
These are lines of=20 equal value of a function. It means that the function is continuous on = this=20 line.
2. Two-side=20 isolines.
Each = such line is=20 a line where a function changes this value from one constant value from = the left=20 side of the line to a different value to the right of the line. These = lines are=20 used to represent abrupt jumps of a function (see picture = below).
NOTE, that both kinds of isolines are implemented in the = program in the=20 same way, i.e., as a sets of geographic points with 2 values (left and = right)=20 attached. If the values are equal an ordinary isoline is = assumed.
=20
3. Abrupt=20
borders.
=20 These are lines with no numerical values attached. They represent = places=20 where a function has an abrupt jump (see picture below).
=20
=20
4. One-side=20
profiles.
These are lines=20 (sets of points in geographic coordinates) with one value attached to = each=20 point. These lines are intended to represent a smooth functions (see = picture=20 below).
=20
=20
5. Two-side=20
profiles.
These are lines=20 (sets of points in geographic coordinates) with two values attached to = each=20 point. As well as abrupt = borders,=20 these lines are intended to represent places where a function has an = abrupt=20 break. The only difference between them is that points of such profile = are=20 characterized by some values whereas values for abrupt borders are = obtained by=20 an interpolation by surrounding isolines (see picture below).
Menu of projects
This = menu is used=20 to input project data and edit their properties. It contains a tabbed = page with=20 a set of tab sheets. Each sheet contain tables for a list of data items = of a=20 certain kind with their properties.
Usage of the=20 tables is the same : hit INSERT key=20 to insert data item, DELETE to=20 remove it, click mouse to toggle some properties, edit those ones which = can be=20 edited.
Or = just CLICK the leftmost column of = a table by=20 mouse to call a popup menu to insert or delete data items.
See = also (for each=20 tab sheet):
- = Conturs;
- = Bitmaps;
- = Data = lines;
- = Data = points;
- = Grids;
- = Plot = order;
- = Textures;
=20 - 3D plot for=20 grids;
Conturs
=20 The following table is used for conturs inserting end = editing:
This = enables to=20 input geographic contours from GEO-files (see Data formats). Use INSERT and DELETE keys to input or delete a contour, or just = click the=20 leftmost column to call a popup menu for inserting/deleting.
Click COLOR cell to call a dialog to = select the=20 contour's color. Write an integer number into THICKNESS cell to select its=20 thickness.
The = LEGEND cell initially = contains=20 contour's file name. It is possible to type here any text which will = arrive in=20 the map's legend. If the cell is empty no line will appear in the=20 legend.
The = cells SCALE0 and SCALE1 specify the minimal = and maximal=20 of scales (km per sm) when the contur is to be shown. (You can know the = scale=20 switching Legends for scales ON (Main menu, Options, Legend for=20 scales).
When = FILL cell is clicked the = following=20 panel appears:
It = enables to set=20 conturs fill mode, it's internal color and pattern.
If a = contur is=20 filled it is possible to make it textured. To do this select = =91textured=92=20 form the list of fill styles and type a reference name of texture in = the box=20 below. Then press ACCEPT. = (See Textures)
The = column =91Arc=92 is used to set lines = drawing=20 taking into account the Earth=92s sphericity. Use this for conturs = consisting of=20 long lines.
Bitmaps
Bitmaps are PCX or BMP files with some reference = points=20 connecting the bitmap image with geographic coordinates. They are = prepared by=20 PCX files = wrapper as=20 .BBM-files. Each .BBM-file contains a set of = reference=20 points plus link to an image file name.
The = following=20 table is used to insert bitmaps and edit their properties (use INSERT and DELETE keys to input or delete a bitmap, or just = click the=20 leftmost column to call a popup menu for inserting/deleting) = :
The LEGEND = cell initially=20 contains .BBM file name. It is possible to type here any text which will = arrive=20 in the map's legend. If the cell is empty no line will appear in the=20 legend.
Click COLOR cell to call a dialog to = select the=20 bitmaps color.
If the bitmap includes a black-white PCX-file its black points = will be=20 plotted in the map using the color selected in the 'Color' cell.
If the bitmap contains a color (256 colors) or gray image = it will be=20 shown as black-white if 'True = show'=20 is off, otherwise it will be shown 'as is'. The cells 'Brightness' are valid for = these kinds=20 of files and mean that those pixels of the files which brightness is = greater=20 that the value inside will remain transparent. Use 255 to plot a whole=20 bitmaps.
The cell 'Transparency'=20 can contain an integer number from 0 to 100 percents. When its value = is 0,=20 the bitmap is solid, when 100 it is invisible.
The = cells SCALE0 and SCALE1 specify the minimal = and maximal=20 of scales (km per sm) when the contur is to be shown. (You can know the = scale=20 switching Legends for scales ON (Main menu, Options, Legend for=20 scales).
Use Fictive = bitmap button=20 to place several pictures to a map, just to look thriugh them=20 simultaneously.
Data lines
See = Kinds of data=20 lines
This = page contains=20 two tables and a preview window :
Table of=20 authors:
Since a project=20 can contain data obtained from several authors we can specify data items = authorship. This table enables to input names of authors and switch them = ON/OFF (by clicking Use cell). When a data item = is used a=20 currently active author's number is attached to it. If an author is ON all his data will be taken = into=20 account during Computations. = You can type=20 there up to 200 names..
=20 Table of data=20 lines:
Use = INSERT and DELETE keys to input or delete a data line (See = Kinds of data = lines).=20 Isolines, two-sided isolines and borders are inputed from .ISO or .GEO files (.GEO-files are splitted into = sets of .ISO-files and loaded = separately).=20 Profiles are inputed from = .PRF-files=20 (see Data=20 formats).
After .ISO or .GEO file for loading is = selected by=20 user the program asks how to input the data - as isolines or as borders. = For=20 isolines it is possible to input their left and right values right to = the=20 table.
=20 When a data line is inputed currently active author is assigned = for it.=20 To change select differen author in the Table of authors and click in = the Author cell.
=20 Use means that a = data item is=20 used for Computations.
=20 Show specifies if a = data item=20 is shown on a map.
(Click in the cells to = switch).
=20
=20 Click Inverted to = change=20 direction of an isoline.
=20 Type some text in Remark=20 cell. It will be plotted near the corresponding line. Empty remarks are = not=20 plotted.
=20 Parameters Depth0 = and Depth1 specify the depth = range for=20 which the line is valid. See Depth=20 layers for details.
Data points
Data = point sets=20 (.PNT-files) represent = values of=20 some function in arbitrary distributed geographic points. The following = table is=20 used to insert the sets and edit their properties :
=20 Use INSERT to add = .PNT-file to a project and DELETE key to remove it (or = just click=20 the leftmost column to call a popup menu for = inserting/deleting).
Click USE cell to specify is the = point set to=20 be used for Computations. Click Marker cell to change kind of = marker=20 which is used to plot the points.
=20 There are two kinds of scaling=20 : hysto (sizes of = markers and=20 colors will be distributed to get about the same amounts of points for = each=20 color and size) and uniform that=20 means that colors and sizes will be changed uniformly from minimal to = maximal=20 value of the points.
=20 Fit in window = specifies will=20 these minimums and maximums be calculated only for those points which = are=20 currently visible (if YES) or global minimum and maximum for all points = of a set=20 will be used.
=20 If Leg.value cell = is set to=20 YES the minimal and maximal values will be plotted on the map legend.=20
=20 There are several color = schemes for plotting : black-white (small values are = more=20 dark), white-black = (otherwise), red-blue, blue-red and single color.
=20 If the color scheme = is set to=20 single color all the = points will be=20 of the same color which can be selected by clicking the Color cell.
=20 Plot vals : plot or = not value=20 of each point;
=20 Plot rems : plot or = not=20 remark for each point;
=20 Lett.size, Lett.color : size (mm) and = color of=20 letters to plot values and/or remarks;
Grids
Grids are results=20 of Computations :=20 nodes with equal steps by latitude and longitude and a value attached to = each=20 node. It is possible to load up to 10 grids simultaneously and plot them = as=20 semi-transparent fields and/or maps of isolines.
=20 This page enables to load a grid from .GR3-file (result of Computations by = data points=20 of isolines) and edit its properties. It is possible to save all the = editings in=20 a project.
=20 When Field enabled = switch is=20 on the grid is to be plotted by a transparent field. There are two ways = to make=20 transparency : true way (when the program reads pixel and combines its = color=20 with new one) and by patterns : when several points are omitted. This = option can=20 be switched in Main=20 menu, Options, Transparency.
=20 Inverted means that = current=20 color scheme is to be used showing higher values darker.
=20 Legend to map will = plot the=20 preview window (right) to the map if Legends is ON in Main menu;
=20 To change color of = some=20 gradation just click inside its cell. To change color of an isoline = click to the=20 line in the preview window to the right.
=20 When checkbox Shadows is=20 checked click inside the shadows window to specify the light source=20 position.
=20 The button Operations enables=20 to make some ariphmetic operation with two grids of the same size : it = is=20 possible, for instance, to add values in cells, calculate average=20 etc.
=20 After clicking this button the following panel appears = :
It=92s possible to type a formula containing constants, = ariphmetic=20 signs (+, -, *, /, ^), built-in functions (log, ln, exp), round brackets = and 2=20 predefined identifiers : current and=20 new. =ABCurrent=BB means a = value in a=20 cell of current grid, whereas =ABnew=BB is a value in a cell of new one. =
When a formula is defined click OK and select a grid to = process with=20 current one. If the grid appear to be of the same size as current one it = will be=20 loaded for a while and for each couple of corresponding cells of current and this grid = the=20 operation specified by the formula will be executed. The results will be = written=20 in the cells of current grid.
After processing is finished it is possible to save the = resulting=20 grid by clicking Save=20 button.
Examples of =
formulas:
current+new &nbs= p; =20 Calculate sum of two grids;
0.5*current+0.5*new = Calculate average=20 for two grids;
Log(current) &nbs= p; =20 Calculate log of current grid (chose any grid as new);
Button 3D = plot enables to=20 make a =91flight=92 under the function=92s surface. If the upper toolbar = of the panel=20 is not visible, press Enter to make it visible. See 3D plot for grids.
3D plot for grids
Enables 3D plot for grids. The = following=20 window will appear :
This = is OpenGL=20 plot of the grid=92s surface. Click within a red circle to set a=20 viewpoint.
When = Sea is checked blue = transparent plane=20 is plotted at the level specified.
When = you click=20 Hide the upper toolbar disappear and you may have a flight under the = surface.=20 Use keys : arrows forward and back to move; arrovs left and right, = Home/End,=20 PgUp/PgDown to rotate.
Press Enter to=20 recover the upper panel.
Plot order
This page enables to set up a = sequence of=20 data items plotting :
Select an item by mouse or = cursor keys and=20 press a function key F1-F8 to define what order You need for this data=20 item.
Textures
Textures can be applied for = filled conturs.=20 This are BMP files. The = following=20 table in the Menu of=20 projects is designed to load and remove textures = :
There are 3 parameters attached = to each=20 texture :
- its reference name (this name is = used to=20 correspond a filled contur with a given texture). Initially this is a = BMP file=20 name but it may be changed;
NOTE : when reference name if =91default=92 this texture is used for drawing the background of map = or=20 globe;
- its transparency (in percents). 0 = means=20 solid, 100 - completely transparent;
- its brightness. Ranges from 0 to = 255. Only=20 those pixels of the texture are to be plotted which are less bright than = the=20 value.
Data formats
See
=20 Types of files = used in the=20 program
=20 Geographic data=20 format
=20
Format for=20
profiles
=20 Format for data = point=20 sets
Types of files used in the=20 program
File extension |
Remark |
GEO |
Geographic conturs : a set = of lines=20 with points in geographci coordinates. See Geographic data=20 format; |
ISO |
Geographic lines. The same = as GEO but=20 containing only one line per a file. See Geographic data format. = Value (or=20 two values) can be assigned to a line during inserting a file into = a=20 project (See Projects); |
BPR |
BEAR project. Contain info = about all=20 data included in the project, names of files with grids, lines and = bitmaps=20 attached to the project. See Projects |
VWS |
View. Current position of = map/globe=20 can be saved and restored from these files. See Main menu, = Views. |
BBM |
BEAR bitmap. Contain link = to an image=20 file (PCX or BMP), info about geographic refence points to plot = this file=20 to a map and a lline restricting the part of the bitmap to be = plotted.=20 This files are produced by PCX=20 files wrapper; |
PRF |
Profiles. Contain lines in = geographic=20 coordinates with one or two values attached to each point = (depending on is=20 the profile one-sided or 2-sided). These files can be made by = Convertor ISO to = PRF=20 (see Main = menu,=20 Tools, Format for=20 profiles) |
GR1 |
Rectangular grids. Contain = info about=20 grid corners and steps along latitudes and longitudes. Such grids = can be=20 designed (saved and = loaded)=20 using pop-up menu of the Main=20 window. |
GR3 |
Rectangular grids with = results of=20 computations (values in the nodes) attached. See Computations; |
GR2 |
The same as GR3 but for = older version=20 of the program |
PNT |
Data point sets. Points = with=20 geographic coordinates, values and remarks. See Format for data point=20 sets; |
RPT |
Reference points for PCX files = wrapper.=20 Sets of points both in pixels and in geographic coordinates to = connect an=20 image file with a map; |
LGL |
Linear-geographic link. A = file=20 containing linear and geographic coordinates for several image = files (map=20 sheets). See PCX = files=20 wrapper, Bear=20 Bitmaps, Combined=20 projects. |
Geographic data = format
Geographic data=20 are geographic contours (files *.GEO) and isolines (*.ISO). Format is the same. = Files are=20 plain texts containing the following lines :
integer-line-number = latitude longitude
....
integer-line-number = latitude longitude
For .GEO files points with the = same line=20 number are connected during plotting. For .ISO files these numbers have = no sense.=20 Each .ISO file is assumed = to contain=20 only one continuous line.
If a = set of=20 isolines or borders is prepared in a single .GEO-file it is possible to = split it=20 into a set of .ISO-files = (Main menu, Tools, GEO->ISO splitter). The = splittind is=20 done automatically when .GEO-file is=20 inputted in a project as isoline or border. (See Menu of projects).
=20
=20 On the contrary, if an isoline or a border is prepared in several = .ISO-files (for example when = the line=20 is digitized from several map sheets) it is possible to paste the files = into a=20 single .ISO file (see ISO-files=20 paster).
The = files .GEO and .ISO can be prepared by = additional=20 digitizing program DpWin.EXE (see=20 External digitizing = program=20 DpWin). A line can be drawn right on a map (see Main window) and = saved as an=20 .ISO file. Together with = PCX files = wrapper this gives=20 a way to vectorize some images in this program.
Format for = profiles
Initially profiles=20 are created as .ISO-files = (by the=20 External digitizing = program=20 DpWin or by plotting a line right on a map and saving it = to .ISO-file, see Main window). After that it is = possible to=20 choose Tools->Convertor ISO to = PRF from=20 the Main = menu and=20 assign data values to the profile's points. After saving .PRF-file it = can be=20 added to a project using Menu of=20 projects.
.PRF-files are text files of the following lines :
The = first=20 line:
Number-of =
sides =20
Flag-of-completeness
where Number-of-sides if 1 for = one-side=20 profile, 2 for two-side profile;
Flag-of-completeness is 1 for = complete=20 profiles (profiles with all points containing values) or 0 for = incomplete=20 profiles. Incomplete profiles can not be added to projects, they can = only be=20 loaded back to Convertor = ISO to=20 PRF for editing.
Next = lines contain=20 coordinates and values of points :
latitude longitude left-value =
right-value
...
latitude longitude left-value =
right-value
where values are=20 real numbers or question marks if the values are absent
Format for data point = sets
Data = point sets=20 (.PNT-files) represent = values of=20 some function in arbitrary distributed geographic points. They are text = files of=20 the following lines :
=20 Latitude Longitude Value-Of-Function Text-remark
Main menu
Projects
=20 New =20 =20
discharge current project and switch to Menu of projects
=20 Load &nbs= p; =20
discharge current project and load .bpr file
=20 Save &nbs= p; =20
save current = project as=20 .bpr-file
(this mode is password-protected. See Author and copyright)
=20 Edit &nbs= p; =20
switch to Menu of=20
projects
=20
Export
&nbs= p; =20 exports current project and all its files to a separate=20 directory
(this mode is password-protected. See Author and copyright)
Options
=20 Plot values of=20 parameters =20
enable or disable isoline values plotting;
=20
Miscellaneous=20
parameters
&nbs= p; =20 specify a set of numerical = parameters=20 controlling map zooming and shifting,
size of letters for isoline values, division factor for =
spline=20
interpolation;
=20
Dashes
&nbs=
p; =20
specify how to plot dashes =
rectangular to=20
isolines;
=20
Spline interpolation
&nbs=
p; =20
enable or disable spline =
interpolation for=20
all kinds of data lines;
=20
Legends
&nbs= p; =20 enable or disable legend = plotting
=20 Line = styles
&nbs= p; =20 Specify styles (colors and thickness) for data lines : =
&nbs= p; =20 isolines, profiles and borders;
=20
Transparency
&nbs= p; =20 Specify how to plot semi-trancparent fields = representing
&nbs= p; =20 calculated grids : true way (read previous pixel and combine=20 with
&nbs= p; =20 those currently plotting, slow way) or
by patterns = with some=20 pixels omited
=20 Change vector = font
&nbs= p; =20 change one of vector fonts used to plot isolines values =
&nbs= p; =20 from .VFT-files
=20 Depths
&nbs= p; =20 Set parameters for current depth plot and usage for=20 computations
&nbs=
p; =20
(See Depth=20
layers)
Projections
=20
Plain map
&nbs=
p; =20
Select plain map in equidistant =
projection
=20
B/W globe
&nbs=
p; =20
Select a globe which is possible to =
rotate=20
and move
=20
Color globe
&nbs=
p; =20
The same but the globe is blue in =
the star=20
sky
Calculations
=20
Depths to use
&nbs= p; =20 Set depth range for current=20 computations
&nbs=
p; =20
(See Depth=20
layers)
Profiling
&nbs=
p; =20
See Computations
=20 Grid computing
&nbs= p; =20 By data points (back=20 squares)
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 Calculate a grid by a set of data points
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 (grid must be selected on a map)
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 See Computations
&nbs=
p; =20
By data lines and =
points=20
(Laplas)
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 Calculate a grid by a set of data lines and/or points
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 (grid must be selected on a map)
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 See Computations
Tools
=20
GEO->ISO splitter
&nbs= p; =20 Enables to split GEO-file, i.e., a set of = geographic=20 lines,
&nbs= p; =20 into separate ISO-files=20 containing one line per file
&nbs=
p; =20
(see Data=20
formats);
=20
ISO->PRF convertor
&nbs= p; =20 Enables to add left or rightside = values to an=20 isoline
&nbs= p; =20 to make a profile
&nbs= p; =20 (see Convertor = ISO to=20 PRF, Projects, Data formats)
=20 ISO = paster
&nbs= p; =20 Enables to paste several lines into one line
&nbs= p; =20 (see ISO-files=20 paster)
=20 ISO = cutter
&nbs= p; =20 Enables to cut an isoline to several pieces
&nbs= p; =20 (see ISO=20 cutter)
=20
PCX files=20
wrapper
This enables to load PCX or BMP image (black-white, gray or = 256=20 colors),
specify some reference points with
known latitudes and/or longitudes and put it to a map =
together with vector lines.
(see PCX = files=20 wrapper)
Picture
=20 Save to = WMF
Save = current map=20 to Windows Metafile. Note that this option
might operate not=20 properly if the map contains many raster graphics,
such = as bitmaps=20 and calculated grids;
=20 Save to = BMP
&nbs= p; =20 Save current map to BMP-file (RGB true color or 256 = colors);
Views
=20
Save
&nbs=
p; =20
Save current map view on a disk as .VWS-file;
=20
Load
&nbs=
p; =20
Load a map view from .VWS-file and use for current =
map;
=20
Set as default
&nbs= p; =20 The program will return to this = view after=20 clicking =ABInitial scale=BB
&nbs= p; =20
Help
=20
Show this help file (bearhlp.hlp)
Main window
See = also Main = menu
ESC to switch to Menu of=20 projects
Right click=20 mouse to call pop-up menu
Left = click mouse : = start to zoom=20 the map (if contur editing mode if OFF) or draw a point of new contur = (if contur=20 editing mode if ON).
Main = form (window)=20 of the program contains controls for map managing. It enables to move = the map,=20 change it's scale, color, view etc., print it or save to Windows=20 Metafile.
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Controls on the left part = of the form=20 are used for moving the map. Click the left upper button = (=91ambulance=92) to=20 replot the map. The controls below are to=20 increase/decrease scale of the map. The button in the centre = returns the=20 map to defaults scale. =20 The buttons below are to = define colors=20 of the map; The button below is used = to select a=20 style for coordinate grid plotting (for plain maps = only); There are several checkboxes to the left = from the=20 map. 1. = Simplified=20 view Enables to plot .GEO contours in a = simplified=20 form, i.e., using the most significant points. This is useful for = quicker=20 globe rotations and scale changing. 2. Wrap=20 PCX Enables of disables = plotting a PCX=20 file on the map, if such file is loaded and reference points are = specified=20 (see PCX files=20 wrapper). =20
3.Slow=20
show. Plot immediately to the = screen. (Quick=20 show means plotting first in memory and quick output to the = screen). When=20 checked it is impossible to save pictures as BMP files =20 4.Use=20 textures. When disabled solid filled = conturs are=20 instead of textured ones. 5.Hints Enables/disables hints for = buttons and=20 checkboxes |
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There is a set of buttons on the toolbar on top of the form =
=20 Their functions are :
1. =20 Enter password (see Author and=20 copyright);
2. =20 open Menu of projects to edit current=20 project;
3. =20 Run startup menu if exists = (load one of=20 predefined projects and/or set some papameters);
4. =20 change between Windows fonts = and=20 additional vector font of the program.
5. =20 save the map to Windows = Metafile=20 (.WMF-file). Such files can be loaded to Ms Word documents;
6. =20 print the map;
7. =20 set plain map view in = equidistant=20 projection;
8. =20 set black-white = globe;
9. =20 set colored globe;
10. = ,...,Z- - globe rotations = clockwise and=20 counterclockwise around 3C rectangular coordinate system = axis;
11. = Checkbox "Hide" enables to hide a map = for a while=20 - say, during some rescaling;
BACK = button enables to return to the previous scale when map was = zoomed by=20 mouse.
=20 When the mouse cursor is moved along the map its current = coordinates=20 (latitude and longitude) are displayed in the toolbar.
When = You left-click mouse the frame = appears. It=20 is possible to drag the frame to specify some region. When the button is = released the popup menu appears enabling the following functions = :
n =20 Zoom the map in the = region;
n =20 Find all data points in the=20 region;
n =20 Specify a grid for=20 computations;
By = right-clicking=20 the mouse You can enter the following pop-up menu :
Menu item |
Submenu |
Remarks |
Contur |
Start new Save Erase last = point Edit Finish editing Continue = editing |
This submenu is designed = to plot a new=20 contour (isoline) right to the map. To do this select firstly = "Start new=20 contour", then left-click mouse several times in points You need, = call the=20 pop-up menu again and select "Save contour". If number of points = is >1=20 it will enable You to save the new contour in .ISO file (see Data = formats). When=20 the contour is saved You can go to the Menu of projects and add it = to current=20 project both as a geographic contour or as an isoline. The 4th item (Edit new = contour)=20 enables to edit coordinates of points, load a contour from disks, = insert=20 or delete points. Finish editing: switch to = mouse=20 scaling mode, without erasing the new contur; Continue editing: switch = to editind=20 mode; |
Centrify |
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Makes current mouse = position the map's=20 centre |
Zoom in |
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Increase picture around = the=20 mouse |
Zoom out |
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Decrease picture around = the mouse=20 (increasing or decreasing factor can be specified in Main menu, = Options) |
To bitmap |
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Remember geographic = coordinates of=20 mouse and switch to PCX files=20 wrapper. This option is convenient = during link=20 establishing between a bitmap and a geographic = map |
Measure |
Clear Mark 1st = point Mark 2nd = point Menu |
Enables to mark two points = on a map,=20 connect them by direct line (along the Earth's surface) and = measure a=20 distance between the points, in kilometers or degrees or azimuth = from=20 1st to 2nd point (what to measure is = specified in=20 menu); |
Scale line |
Add Remove |
A scale line will be = plotted to the=20 right from current mouse position |
Marker |
Add Remove |
Enables to add/erase a = marker. This=20 marker is attached to current mouse latitude and longitude so the = marker=20 will move with map's shifts and rescalings. |
Text |
Add Remove |
Add/erase a text line. The = same as=20 about markers; When some contur is drawn = on the map=20 (not greater than 10 points) it is possible to place a curved text into=20 it. |
Grid |
1st = corner 2nd = corner Clear Properties |
Enables to select a = rectangular grid=20 for Computations=20 (point its corners). The Properties submenu enables to specify = grid steps=20 in kilometers or degrees, or numbers of steps for latitudes and=20 longitudes |
Computations
=20 In this program the term Computations means = recovering of a=20 function by some data loaded into the program (data point sets or = systems of=20 isolines and borders). The function can be recovered along a line = (profiling) or=20 in nodes of a rectangular grid.
See
=20 Profiling=20
=20 Depth=20 layers
Creating a grid
=20 Grid computing by = data points=20 (back squares)
=20 Grid computing by = data lines=20 and points (Laplas)
Profiling
An = user can draw a=20 profile on a map using pop-up menu or load profile from a disk (see = Main window). = After clicking=20 Computations->Profiling = the=20 program calculates cross-sections of the profile with current set of = isolines.=20 Resulting plot is displayed in separate window and can be saved as a = plain text=20 data file, Windows metafile or printed;
Cross-sections of user-defined = line and data=20 lines are given in the plot.
Use tools on top of screen to = :
1) Close this form
2) Save profile as a text = file;
3) Switch between Windows font = and vector=20 font;
4) Save plot as Windows = Metafile;
5) Print the plot;
6) Call this help;
7) Turn logariphmic scale = on/off;
8) Turn remarks along axis=20 on/off.
Creating a grid
To = create a=20 rectangular grid right-click mouse in the map to call pop-up menu (See = Main window). = Select Grid/1st corner to = mark one=20 of grids corners, it will be marked by a cross mark. Then select Grid/2nd = corner.
Or = drag a frame on=20 the map (left-click mouse, drag and release) and select =91Make a=20 grid=92.
To = finish the grid=20 creating (i.e., to set its steps along latitudes and longitudes) enter = pop-up=20 menu again and select Grid/Properties.
The = following form=20 will appear :
Coordinates of the=20 grids corners are inserted in the table after selecting the corners = using the=20 pop-up menu. It is possible to change them manually.
To = determine a=20 step along latitudes or longitudes just type one of the values : Step = (degrees),=20 Step(kilometers) or Number of steps. All other parameters will be = computed=20 automatically.
Use = Save to make .GR1-file with description = of the grid=20 for future using and Load = to read .GR1-file.
NOTE = : The equidistant mapping projection is used to create a = grid. In=20 fact, the program uses steps by latitude and longitude in degrees, = whereas the=20 steps in kilometers are recalculated with respect t the centre of the=20 grid.
Depth layers
This enables to specify how to = take depths=20 into account for plotting and computing. (Depths for all data lines are=20 specified in projects, see Projects, Menu of projects, Data lines).
Grid computing by data points = (back=20 squares)
An = user have to=20 determine a rectangular grid, i.e., point its corners and enter steps = along=20 latitudes and longitudes (see Creating a grid, use pop-up menu in = Main = window);
After that if a=20 point set or several point sets are loaded in current project (See Projects, Menu of = projects, Data points) and = they are switched ON they can = be used=20 for the computing (Main=20 menu, Grid computing for data points).
The = following form=20 apear on the screen :
=20 It is possible to change maximal radius of a circle within which = points=20 will be taken into account for interpolation (proportional to=20 1/R2).
=20 If the flag Fill empty = places=20 is ON the radius will be increased if no points were found within the = initial=20 one.
=20 The results can be saved as .GR3-files and added to a = project as=20 Calculated grids, i.e., plotted on a map as semi-transparent fields = and/or=20 isolines (see Projects, Menu of projects, Grids);
Grid computing by data lines = and points=20 (Laplas)
An = user have to=20 determine a rectangular grid, i.e., point its corners and enter steps = along=20 latitudes and longitudes (see Creating a grid, use pop-up menu in = Main = window);
After that this=20 kind of computing is possible.
NOTE that only those isolines,=20 profiles and borders will be taken into account during the = computations=20 which are:
- = switched ON, i.e. their cells Use are ON (see Projects, Data lines);
- = usage of their=20 author is switched ON (See Data=20 lines);
- = depths attached=20 to them are within the limits specified in Depth layers;
NOTE that only those point=20 sets which are switched ON, i.e.=20 their cells Use are ON (see Projects, Data points);
The = following form=20 will appear on the screen:
=20 Checkbox "Show process" can be switched ON/OFF during the=20 computations.
The = principle of=20 computation is as follows : the program traces lines, borders and points = into=20 the grid, i.e., sets values in the grid nodes closest to the points and = lines.=20 After that it solves Laplas equation iteratively using the traced values = as=20 initial conditions (Numerical Zeidel method is used).
=20 The procedure is stopped when minimal percent difference between = nodes=20 during an iteration is less than the value given in "Stop at". During = iterations=20 the program shows average and minimal percent differences.
=20 Typically about Nx+Ny iterations are necessary for good function=20 approximation.
GEO-ISO splitter
=20 Choose this tool from Main=20 menu, Tools.
Enables to extract=20 single lines from GEO-file = prepared,=20 say, by the standalone digitizing program DpWin into separate ISO-files each one containing = a single=20 line.
=20 NOTE, that each = line can not=20 be more than 1000 points long.
=20 Names of resulting files are :
if XXX.GEO is a source file = name, than=20 results are
XXX_N.ISO, where N is a = number of=20 line.
=20 See also :
=20 Geographic data=20 format
=20 External = digitizing program=20 DpWin
Convertor ISO to = PRF
This = enables to=20 add values to a line. You can load an .ISO file or previously saved = .PRF file using the form's = main menu.=20 Coordinates of points and its values (for .PRF-files) will appear in = the table=20 (see Data=20 formats).
Usage of the=20 toolbar
=20 is as follows:
=20 1) Close the window;
2) = Call this=20 help;
3) = Make linear=20 interpolation for those points which values are not specified using = their=20 neighbors with known values;
4) = Display current=20 file name;
5) = Switch=20 specifying kind of a profile - one-sided or two-sided;
6) = Button As a MAP / As a PLOT. Click = it to=20 change the profile representation. If the button is As a PLOT the profile's left = and right=20 values will be shown in logariphmic or ordinary scale, as selected by = next=20 switch;
Profiles where not=20 all points are associated with some values are incomplete. It is = possible to=20 save them as .PRF-files = and load=20 back to this tool, but such files can not be added to = projects.
ISO-files paster
This mode enables to load several = (to 10)=20 isolines and connect them into a single isoline just by clicking the = ends of=20 lines You need to connect.
The = toolbar=20 functions :
=20 1) Close the window;
=20 2) Call this help;
=20 3) Clear loaded isolines;
=20 4) Load an isoline from ISO-file (see Data formats);
=20 5) Save pasted isoline as ISO-file (only if all the lines are = connected=20 and the resulting line is unclosed);
ISO cutter
=20 This tool enables to cut an ISO-file (a line in geographic = coordinates)=20 to a separate pieces.
=20 The toolbar functions are :
1) = Close the=20 tool;
2) = This=20 help;
3) = Load an=20 ISO-file (see Geographic = data=20 format);
4) = Save currently=20 active piece of a line;
5) = Disconnect=20 selected point from previous one;
6) = Connect=20 disconnected point with previous one;
Click mouse to=20 select active point, then use 5) or 6) to disconnect/connect the point. = Click=20 mouse to select active piece of a line to save;
PCX files wrapper
See = also Bear Bitmaps, = Combined=20 projects;
This = enables to=20 load PCX or BMP image (black-white, 256 colors or grayscale) , specify = some=20 reference points with known latitudes and/or longitudes and put it to a = map=20 together with vector lines.
There are two ways=20 to call this tool :
1) = from Main menu, = Tools
2) = from Main window's = pop-up menu.=20 In this case current mouse position in geographic coordinates is = remembered and=20 may be used as a reference point (see below);
This = tool enables=20 to vectorize bitmap images using the program.
Typical =
ways to put an=20
image to a map
1) = Load a=20 picture;
2) = Choose some=20 line (parallel or meridian) for reference, specify it's latitude (for = parallels)=20 or longitude (for meridians) in a window on the screen top (the other = window=20 should be blank) and click mouse several times when it is on the=20 line;
3) = Choose another=20 line, repeat several times for parallels and meridians;
4) = Click Link button on the form = toolbar. If the=20 points are inputed correctly the wrapped image will appear on the map = when the=20 tool be closed;
A way to =
put an image=20
without geographic lines (latitudes or longitudes) is=20
:
1) = Run the wrapper=20 using Main menu->Tools-PCX files wrapper->Split and run to see=20 simultaneously the map and the wrapper=92s window.
2) = Load a=20 picture;
3) = Load some=20 vector geographic contur in current project to be seen on the = map;
4) = Select some=20 characteristic point on this vector contur, right-click mouse to call = Main window's = pop-up menu=20 and select "To bitmap";
5) = In the wrapper=20 window find the same point on the bitmap and click mouse. This will be = reference=20 point;
6) = Do it several=20 times, than establish a link between the bitmap and geographic = coordinates by clicking the =91open = book=92 button (see=20 below);
7) = Click refresh=20 point of the main window to see how the image is wrapped = (=91ambulance=92 button at=20 the Main=20 window);
Buttons to the = left:
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Move picture up |
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Move left |
Replot picture |
Move right |
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Move down |
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Zoom in |
Fit in window |
Zoom out |
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Initial scale |
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Mouse=20 functions
Left=20 button = - functions depend on the Mouse = switch to=20 the left :
=20 Reference:
mark a reference=20 point and assign the latitude and/or longitude from windows on the = screen top to=20 it;
&nbs= p; =20 Corners:
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 mark corners of restricting rectangle;
&nbs= p; =20 Restrictor:
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 mark points of restricting contur;
Right=20 button - call a = pop-up menu=20 enabling to zoom the picture in and out and remove the closest to mouse=20 reference point;
Main menu = of the=20 wrapper
Picture
=20 Load image = load PCX or=20 BMP file
=20 Clear =20 remove image file from memory
=20 Clear restrictor = remove restricting contur
Points
=20 Clear &nbs= p; =20 clear current set of reference points
=20 Load =20 load previously defined reference points set
=20 Save &nbs= p; =20 save reference points as .RPT-files
Bitmaps
=20 Save &nbs= p; =20 save BBM-file = containing=20 image file name,
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 reference points and a restricting line to
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 cut a piece of bitmap.
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 Can be loaded in a project.
&nbs= p;  = ; =20 See Bitmaps,=20 Projects, = Menu of = projects
Combined=20 projects See = Combined = projects
=20 Open &nbs= p; =20 Open (or create new) project
=20 Save points = Write=20 reference points for current image into the project
=20 Make BBMs Make = BBM files=20 for all image of the projects
=20 Close &nbs= p; =20 Close project
Toolbar =
buttons=20
functions:
1) Close the window;
2) This help;
3) Establish a link between = current bitmap=20 image (by user-defined set of reference points), close the form and plot = the=20 bitmap image on a map;
Currently the following regression is in use for the link=20
(Ld-longitude, Fi-latitude, x,y - rectangular coordinates in pixels)=20
:
=20
Ld=3Da1+a2*x+a3*y+a4*x*y+a5*x*x+a6*y*y+a7*x*x*y+a8*x*y*y+a9*x*x*x+=
a10*y*y*y
=20
Fi=3Db1+b2*x+b3*y+b4*x*y+b5*x*x+b6*y*y+b7*x*x*y+b8*x*y*y+b9*x*x*x+=
b10*y*y*y
Note,=20
that true number of coefficients can be less than 10 if smaller number =
of points=20
with known coordinate was marked or smaller number of coefficients is =
specified=20
(leftside menu)
4) Remove the link (don't plot = bitmap=20 image)
5) Select color for black dots = of bitmap=20 image for map plotting (white dots are transparent)
6) Disable selected corners or = restricting=20 contur (show all the bitmap)
7) Hide PCX. When checked only = reference=20 points are shown.
8) B/W plot. When checked even = color or=20 grayscale pictures are shown as black-white ones. (Both in this tool and = on the=20 map).
9) Select brightness for a color = or=20 grayscale picture when B/W plot switch is checked
There are 4 cells under the = toolbar=20 :
Latitude and Longitude cells. If value is = entered in=20 one of the cells or in both the cells it is possible to put reference = points on=20 a map. These values are attached to the points.
Linear X and Linear Y cells. It is = possible to=20 attach linear coordinates to each reference point and use them for = establishing=20 a link between
Bear Bitmaps
Bitmaps are=20 BBM-files produced by PCX files=20 wrapper. A BBM-file contain :
=20 - name of image file (BMP or PCX);
=20 - a set of reference points with known coordinates in pixels and=20 geographic
coordinates;
=20 - a set of coefficients defining recalculation of coordinates = from image=20 pixels
=20 to latitudes and=20 longitudes;
=20 - a restricting contur defining which part of the picture is to = be=20 plotted;
To = prepare a=20 bitmap call PCX files=20 wrapper from Main=20 menu, load image file and establish a link between its = pixels and=20 geographic coordinates. Then save BBM-file using option Save from the = wrappers=20 main menu.
To = load a bitmap=20 use Menu of = projects,=20 Bitmaps;
Combined projects
Combined projects=20 can be produced by PCX = files=20 wrapper. = When a=20 scanned map consists of several sheets (several PCX files) it is = possible to=20 process the image files together to obtain their Bear Bitmaps.
Common linear = coordinate=20 system must exist for all map sheets.
The = following=20 stages should be done (menu of PCX=20 files wrapper, Combined projects) :
1) = Open (or create new) project = file=20 (.LGL);
2) = Load a map sheet (PCX or BMP=20 file);
3) = Mark several points with = known linear=20 and/or geographic coordinates;
4) = Save points to the = project;
5) = Do 2)-4) for all map = sheets;
6) = Use =91Make BBMs=92 to = make Bear Bitmaps = for all the=20 sheets;
=20 NOTE = :
1) = each map sheet must have at = least 3=20 points with known linear coordinates;
2) = total number of points with = known=20 geographic coordinates for all the sheets should not be less than = 3;
Example : two pieces of the same map have been scanned separately = and linked=20 using linear coordinate system :
1) = the map sheets=20 scanned separately :
2) = resulting=20 bitmaps wrapped together :
External digitizing program=20 DpWin
The DpWin digitizing program can = be used=20 for vectorizing scanned images saved in .PCX-files. Points (lines) = can be=20 marked manually as well as pieces of continuous black lines can be = traced=20 automatically.
Digitized=20 points/lines can be saved in pixels and converted to linear or = geographic=20 coordinate system if several reference points with known true = coordinates are=20 available.
Resulting data are=20 saved in simple text formats, one of which is .GEO-format.